{"id":108377,"date":"2023-01-27T11:40:30","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T16:40:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/?p=108377"},"modified":"2023-01-27T11:40:30","modified_gmt":"2023-01-27T16:40:30","slug":"sir-william-jones-the-first-to-translate-hafez-into-english","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/2023\/01\/27\/sir-william-jones-the-first-to-translate-hafez-into-english\/","title":{"rendered":"Sir William Jones:\u00a0The First to Translate Hafez into English"},"content":{"rendered":"

N. Kanani<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2014 Persian Heritage – #107, Winter 2022 \u2014<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cHafiz is most assuredly a poet worthy to sup with gods.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2014 Sir William Jones<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

With regard to Lord Byron\u2019s parody, Anna Camilleri, who has authored a number of books on him, remarked:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe most fascinating element of Byron\u2019s parody is his use of formal mirroring. For example, in the rhyme scheme of the first stanza, Byron exactly replicates Jones.\u201d18 <\/sup><\/p>\n

To explain the principal rules of the Persian grammar and the subtleties of the language itself, Jones selected many illustrative examples from Hafez\u2019s poems and included them together with their English translations in his \u201cGrammar.\u201d All his examples are reproduced below respecting his order:<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0644<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0647\u062f\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u06af\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0637\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644<\/p>\n

Boy, bring the wine, for the season of the rose approaches; <\/em><\/p>\n

let us again break our vows of repentance in the midst of the roses. <\/em><\/p>\n

O Hafiz, thou desirest, like the nightingales, the presence of the rose: <\/em><\/p>\n

let thy very soul be a ransom for the earth where the keeper of the rose-garden walks!<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u063a \u0635\u0628\u062d\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u0645 \u06af\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u06af\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06af\u0647\u0645\u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n

One morning I went into the garden to gather a rose, <\/em><\/p>\n

when on a sudden the voice of a nightingale struck my ear. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/p>\n

\u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0628\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

The night is dark; the fear of the waves oppresses us, and the whirlpool is dreadful! <\/em><\/p>\n

How should those, who bear light burdens on the shores, know the misery of our situation? <\/em><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u06cc \u200c\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0634<\/p>\n

\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634<\/p>\n

Joy be to Shiraz and ist charming borders! <\/em><\/p>\n

O heaven, preserve it from decay!<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

Tinge the sacred carpet with wine, if the master of the feast orders thee; <\/em><\/p>\n

for he that travels is not ignorant of the ways and manners of the banquet-houses.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u062e \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/p>\n

\u062f\u064f\u0631\u0651 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0647\u0648\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

O heaven! whose precious pearl, and whose inestimable jewel is that royal maid, <\/em><\/p>\n

with a cheek like the moon, and a forehead like Venus? <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0645\u06cc\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0632<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0647\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0634\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

We are fond of wine, wanton, dissolute, and with rolling eyes;<\/p>\n

who is there in this city that has not the same vices?<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c\u0686\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

The path of love is a path to which there is no end, <\/em><\/p>\n

in which there is no remedy for lovers, but to give up their soul. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0622\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u062f\u0634 \u0635\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0641\u06c0 \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u062f<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0634\u0632\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/p>\n

Those locks, each curl of which is worth a hundred musk-bags of China, <\/em><\/p>\n

would be sweet indeed if their scent proceeded from sweetness of temper. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0631\u06af\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/p>\n

We have given up all our souls to those two enchanting narcissus\u2019s (eyes), <\/em><\/p>\n

we have placed all our hearts on those two black hyacinths (locks of hair). <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0628\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0622\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0632\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n

The brightness of the cup and the goblet obscures the light of the moon; <\/em><\/p>\n

the cheek of the young cup-bearers steal the splendour of the sun. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

The breath of the western gale will soon shed musk around; <\/em><\/p>\n

the old world will again be young. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n

\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n

It is impossible to attain the jewel of thy wishes by thy own endeavours; <\/em><\/p>\n

it is a vain imagination to think that it will come to thee without assistance. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u067e\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n

\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u200c\u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n

I have felt the pain of love; ask not of<\/em> whom: <\/em><\/p>\n

I have tasted the poison of absence; ask not from whom.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u06af\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0634\u0628<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u062e\u0650\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0650 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0632\u0633\u0631\u0632\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

Say, bring no tapers into our assembly, fort his night <\/em><\/p>\n

the moon of my beloved\u2019s cheek is at its full in our banquet; <\/em><\/p>\n

Sprinkle no perfume in our apartment, for to our minds <\/em><\/p>\n

the fragrance the constantly proceeds from thy locks is sufficiently pleasing.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0686\u0648 \u0622\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0633\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n

When the sun of the wine shall rise from the east of the cup, <\/em><\/p>\n

a thousand tulips will spring from the garden of the cup-bearer\u2019s cheek. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u06af\u0644 \u0631\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0634\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0647\u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0634\u06cc<\/p>\n

With that sweet hue which thou bearest on the rose of thy cheek, <\/em><\/p>\n

thou drawest a line over the face of the garden-rose<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0647\u06cc\u200c \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0633\u06cc\u064e\u0647\u200c \u0686\u0634\u0645\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0647\u200c \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

I know not why the damsels tall as cypress, with black eyes bright as the moon, <\/em><\/p>\n

Have not the colour of love. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0642 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a \u062f\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f\u0645\u0698\u062f\u0647\u0654\u06af\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

The brightness of youth again returns to the bowers; <\/em><\/p>\n

the rose finds joyful tidings to the nightingale with sweet notes. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0635\u0628\u062d\u200c\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u06a9\u062f\u0631\u0646\u06af\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06a9\u0646<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/p>\n

\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0639\u06cc\u0634\u0645\u06cc\u0637\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u06a9\u0646<\/p>\n

It is morning; boy, fill the cup with wine: <\/em><\/p>\n

the rolling heaven makes no delay; therefore hasten. <\/em><\/p>\n

The sun of the wine rises from the east of the cup:<\/em><\/p>\n

if thou seekest the delights of mirth, leave thy sleep.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0635\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u06af\u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

O western breeze, say thus to yon tender faun, thou <\/em><\/p>\n

hast confined us to the hills and deserts.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u0647\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0686\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

O heaven! bring that musky fawn back to Khoten; <\/em><\/p>\n

bring back that tall waving cypress to its native garden. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638<\/p>\n

\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0634\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n

If the gale shall waft the fragrance of thy locks over the tomb of Hafiz, <\/em><\/p>\n

a hundred thousend flowers will spring from the earth that hides his cores. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0650 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0647\u200c \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u06af\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0632 \u062c\u064e\u0639\u062f\u0650\u0632\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0634\u0686\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

When the zephyr disperses the fragrance of those musky locks, <\/em><\/p>\n

what ardent desire inflames the hearts of thy admirers. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0686\u06c0 \u062e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062e\u06af\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0627\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/p>\n

Ah! to whom will the smiling rose-bud of thy lips give delight? <\/em><\/p>\n

O sweet branch of a tender plant! for whose use dost thou grow? <\/em><\/p>\n

\u06af\u0648\u0634\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0650 \u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06af\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0686\u0634\u0645\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0650\u0644\u0628\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

My ear is continually intent upon the melody of the pipe, and the soft notes of the lute: <\/em><\/p>\n

my eye is continually fixed upon thy rubied lip, and the circling cup.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0635\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u062f<\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0634\u0622\u0645\u062f<\/p>\n

The zephyr comes to congratulate the old keeper of the banquet-house, <\/em><\/p>\n

that the season of mirth, joy, wantonness, and wine is coming.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u06af\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0633\u062d\u0631\u06af\u0647\u06af\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0686\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/p>\n

Call for wine, and scatter flowers around; what favour canst thou expect from fortune? <\/em><\/p>\n

so spake the rose this morning; O nightingale! what sayst thou to her maxim? <\/em><\/p>\n

The next ghazal fully translated by Jones into English and included to his Persian grammar was the following:<\/p>\n

\u06af\u0644 \u0628\u06cc \u0631\u062e\u0650 \u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0637\u064e\u0631\u0641\u0650 \u0686\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0650\u0647\u064e\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0650 \u06af\u064f\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0634\u06a9\u0631\u0644\u0628\u0650 \u06af\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u063a \u06af\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0651 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634\u0650\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0650 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0650\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n

The rose is not sweet without the cheek of my beloved; <\/em><\/p>\n

the spring is not sweet without wine. <\/em><\/p>\n

The borders of the bower, and the walks of the garden <\/em><\/p>\n

are not pleasant without the notes of the nightingale. <\/em><\/p>\n

The motion of the dancing cypress and of the waving <\/em><\/p>\n

flowers is not agreeable without a mistress whose cheeks are like tulips. <\/em><\/p>\n

The presence of a damsel with sweet lips and a rosy <\/em><\/p>\n

complexion is not delightful without kisses and dalliance. <\/em><\/p>\n

The rose-garden and the wine are sweet, but they are not <\/em><\/p>\n

really charming without the company of my beloved. <\/em><\/p>\n

All the pictures that the hand of art can devise are not <\/em><\/p>\n

agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful girl.<\/em><\/p>\n

Thy life, O Hafiz, is a trifling piece of money, it is not valuable enough to be thrown away19<\/sup> at our feast.20<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n

Poems consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatick Languages<\/p>\n

Another early work by William Jones dealing with topics as diverse as linguistics, literature, history, archaeology, natural history and the law was \u201cPoems consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatick Languages\u201d published 1772 in Oxford).<\/p>\n

As one can see, the volume contained also two essays, one titled On the Poetry of the Eastern nations and the other On the Arts, commonly called Imitative. In his first essay Jones mentioned a manuscript at Oxford that contained the lives of one hundred and thirty-five of the finest Persian poets and added, \u201c\u2026most of whom left very ample collections of their poems behind them: but the versifiers, and moderate poets are without number in Persia.\u201d<\/p>\n

He then continued:\u00a0 \u201cThis delicacy of their lives and sentiments has insensibly affected their language, and rendered it the softest, as it is one of the richest, in the world: it is not possible to convince the reader of this truth, by quoting a passage from a Persian poet in European characters; since the sweetness of sound cannot be determined by the sight, and many words, which are soft and musical in the mouth of a Persian, may appear very harsh to our eyes, with a number of consonants and gutturals: it may not, however, be absurd to set down in this place, an Ode of the poet Hafiz, which, if it be not sufficient to prove the delicacy of his language, will at least show the liveliness of his poetry.\u201d<\/p>\n

At this point Jones provided the transliteration of an Ode of Hafiz (a poem that in fact has been ascribed to the poet!). The Persian original of this \u201bode\u2019 is rendered below:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u06c0\u0627\u0648\u0686\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0644 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0634<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0631\u06af\u0633 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u0634\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0634<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0642\u0634<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0686\u0647\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0631\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0633\u0628\u0632\u0634<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06af\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638<\/p>\n

\u06af\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/p>\n

The English translation, word for word as Jones put it, reads as follows:<\/p>\n

O sweet gale, thou bearst the fragrant scent of my beloved; thence it is that thou hast this musky odour. <\/em><\/p>\n

Beware! do not steal; what hast thou to do with her tresses? <\/em><\/p>\n

O rose, what art thou, to be compared with her bright face? She is fresh, and thou art rough with thorns. <\/em><\/p>\n

O narcissus, what art thou in comparison of her languishing eye? Her eye is only sleepy, but thou art sick and faint. <\/em><\/p>\n

O pine, compared with her graceful stature, what honour has thou in the garden? <\/em><\/p>\n

O wisdom, what would thou choose, if to choose were in thy power, in preference to her love? <\/em><\/p>\n

O sweet basil, what art thou to be compared with her fresh cheeks? They are perfect musk, but thou art soon withered. <\/em><\/p>\n

Come, my beloved, and charm Hafiz with thy presence, if thou canst but stay with him for a single day<\/em>.21<\/sup><\/p>\n

At this point Jones added: \u201cThis little song is not unlike a sonnet, ascribed to Shakespear22<\/sup> which deserves to be cited here, as a proof that the Eastern imagery is not so different from the European as we are apt to imagine.<\/p>\n

The forward violet thus did I chide:<\/p>\n

\u201cSweet thief! whence didst thou steal thy sweet that smells, <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cIf not from my love\u2019s breath? The purple pride, <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cWhich on thy soft cheek for complexion dwells, <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cIn my love\u2019s veins thou hast too grossly dyed.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

The lily I condemned for thy hand, <\/em><\/p>\n

And buds of marjoram had stol\u2019n thy hair: <\/em><\/p>\n

The roses fearfully on thorns did stand; <\/em><\/p>\n

One blushing shame, another white despair; <\/em><\/p>\n

A third, nor red nor white, had stol\u2019n of both <\/em><\/p>\n

And to his robb\u2019ry had annex\u2019d thy breath; <\/em><\/p>\n

But, for his theft, in pride of all his growth <\/em><\/p>\n

A vengeful canker eat him up to death. <\/em><\/p>\n

More flow\u2019rs I noted, yet I none could see <\/em><\/p>\n

But sweet or colour it had stol\u2019n from thee.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sir William Jones\u2019s Legacy<\/p>\n

In 1783 Jones was knighted and in the same year he sailed as Sir William Jones for Calcutta as judge of the Supreme Court. A year later he founded and became the president of the Asiatic Society of Bengal to encourage oriental studies. On April 20, 1794 he died at the age of 47 of inflammation of the liver, a common disease in Bengal. The British oriental scholar and historian Thomas Maurice (1754-1824) published a lengthy poem in 1795, titled An Elegiac Poem, sacred to the memory and virtues of the honourable Sir William Jones.<\/p>\n

Sir William Jones\u2019s literary legacy was immense although he was granted only a short life. As David L. Richardson (1801-1865), an English scholar at Hindu College, rightly put it, considering the shortness of his life the extent of his attainment was perfectly amazing.23<\/sup><\/p>\n

The British orientalist Sir William Ouseley (1767-1842) praised Jones\u2019s literary genius by saying: \u201cThe universality of his genius is acknowledged by many writers, and so great was his stock of acquired knowledge, that the name of Sir William Jones, is sufficient to express the highest degree of intellectual excellence a human being could attain.\u201d24<\/sup><\/p>\n

William R. Alger (1822-1905), an American theologian and author, expressed his acknowledgement of Sir William Jones\u2019s accomplishments and achievements as follows: \u201cSir William Jones was the Vasco de Gama25<\/sup> who first piloted the thought of Europe to the Oriental shores.\u201d26<\/sup><\/p>\n

Sir William Jones was among others very much interested in Persian literature and poetry. His extensive translations from Persian and his well-founded essays on Persian literature testify that.<\/p>\n

1769: Jones included in his \u201cUn Trait\u00e9 sur la po\u00ebsie orientale\u201d the French versions in prose and verse of ten ghazals by Hafez.<\/p>\n

1770: He published an accomplished French metrical translation of thirteen odes of Hafez.27<\/sup><\/p>\n

1771: He wrote his \u201cA Grammar of the Persian Language,\u201d which became soon an authoritative source in the field.<\/p>\n

1772: He published a small collection of poems, consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatic languages<\/p>\n

1773: He wrote \u2018The History of the Persian Language.\u201d<\/p>\n

1774: He wrote a treatise titled \u201cPoeseos Asiaticce commentatorium libri sex\u201d and quoted in it several verses from Hafez together with their Latin translations.<\/p>\n

1780: He translated An Ode of Jami and A Song from the Persian.<\/p>\n

1785: He wrote The Persian quatrain \u2018On Parent Knees and translated \u201cTales and Fables by Nizami\u201d.<\/p>\n

1786: He planned \u201cA Tragedy on the Story of Sohrab.\u201d<\/p>\n

1788: He translated Lail\u00ed Majn\u00fan, a Persian Poem of H\u00e1tif\u00ed.<\/p>\n

1790: He wrote \u201cThe Sixth Discourse on the Persians.\u201d<\/p>\n

1792: He wrote \u201cOn the Mystical Poetry of the Persians and Hindus.\u201d<\/p>\n

In his An Essay on the Poetry of the Eastern Nations Jones raised the question:<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy Persia has produced more writers of every kind, and chiefly poets, than all Europe together?\u201d<\/p>\n

Then he made an attempt to answer this question that obviously had occupied his mind for quite a while and came to the conclusion that \u201cThe greater part of them [of the Persians], in the short intervals of peace that they happen to enjoy, constantly sink into a state of inactivity, and pass their lives in a pleasurable yet studious retirement; and this may be one reason why Persia has produced more writers of every kind, and chiefly poets, than all European together; since their way of life gives them leisure to pursue those arts.\u201d<\/p>\n

He then went on to observe: \u201cThere is a manuscript at Oxford containing the lives of a hundred and thirty five of the finest Persian poets, most of whom left very ample collection of their poems behind them: but the versifiers, and moderate poets are without number in Persia. This delicacy of their lives and sentiments has insensibly affected their language, and rendered it the softest, as it is one of the richest, in the world: it is not possible to convince the reader of this truth, by quoting a passage from a Persian poet in European characters; since by sight, and many words, which are soft and musical in the mouth of a Persian, may appear very harsh to our eyes, with a number of consonants and gutturals: it may not, however, be absurd to set down in this place an ode of the poet Hafiz, which if it be not sufficient to prove the delicacy of his language, will at least show the liveliness of his poetry.\u201d28<\/sup><\/p>\n

The seminal works by William Jones on Persian literature established his authority as a consummate oriental scholar and a proven expert on Persian poetry. Since he was the first to truly introduce the Persian language and poetry as well as numerous eastern poets to the English-speaking world, he was occasionally referred to as \u2018Persian Jones,\u2019 or \u201bOriental Jones.\u201929<\/sup><\/p>\n

Franklin D. Lewis, a scholar of Persian Language and Literature expressed the opinion according to which: \u201cSir William \u2018Oriental\u2019 Jones reversed the course of translation history. In 1771 he rendered one ghazal (a form akin to the sonnet) of H\u00e2fez in stanzaic verse, complete with interpolated commentary on the nature of eastern poetry (\u2018Orient pearls at random strung\u2019). As part of his programme to reinvigorate European verse with foreign forms and ideas, Jones begged in the closing lines that his \u2018simple lay\u2019 might \u2018go boldly forth,\u2019 and indeed it did, inspiring a virtual cottage industry of H\u00e2fez translations and grammars of Persian; by 1801 there were at least five different collections, most quite faithful and most with parallel Persian text.\u201d30<\/sup><\/p>\n

The American writer of Iranian descent John D. Yohannan (1911-1997), raced in his doctoral thesis the influence of Sir William Jones\u2019s oriental scholarship and the fascination of the English romantic poets such as Sir Walter Scott, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, and Alfred Tennyson with Persian poetry.31<\/sup><\/p>\n

As a matter of fact, the most famous translators of Hafez such as Sir John Richardson, Sir William Ouseley, Edward B. Cowell, Herman Bicknell, Edward H. Palmer, William H. Lowe, Henry W. Clarke, Walter Leaf, John Payne, and Richard Le Gallienne, to name a few, were all inspired by Sir William Jones.<\/p>\n

By including English translations and paraphrases of many of poems of Hafez in his \u201cGrammar\u201d William Jones brought the Persian poet for the first time to the notice of English readers. It is, therefore, only fair to say that it was he who made Hafez known to the Western world and awakened real interest in his poetry.<\/p>\n

Kurt A. Johnson stressed the significance of Jones\u2019s approach, stating: \u201cUndercutting the European stereotype of \u2018Eastern\u2019 poetry as \u2018ridiculously bombast,\u2019 Jones was eager to show the \u2018very great resemblances between the works of writers such as the Persian poet Hafiz and the epic Persian poet Ferdowsi, and, respectively, Shakespeare and Homer.\u201d32<\/sup><\/p>\n

______________<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Anna Camilleri: \u201cByron\u2019s Harem Heroines, the Vindication and a Vulgar Error,\u201d in: \u201cByron\u2019s Religions,\u201d edited by Peter Cochran, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011, p. 224.<\/li>\n
  2. According to an old Persian custom money was thrown among the guests at a bridal feast.<\/li>\n
  3. \u201cA Grammar of the Persian Language,\u201d pp. 133-135.<\/li>\n
  4. \u201cPoems consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatick Languages,\u201d pp. 189-192.<\/li>\n
  5. Sonnet 99 by William Shakespeare (1564-1616) the English playwright and poet<\/li>\n
  6. David Lester Richardson: \u201cSelections from the British Poets from the time of Chaucer to the present day,\u201d Calcutta MDCCCXL (1840), p. \u01c0xxvii.<\/li>\n
  7. William Ouseley: \u201cPersian Miscellanies: An Essay to Facilitate the Reading of Persian Manuscripts,\u201d London, 1785, p. 184.<\/li>\n
  8. Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), the Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by sea.<\/li>\n
  9. William Rounseville Alger: \u201cThe Poetry of the East,\u201d Boston, 1856, p. 8.<\/li>\n
  10. Thomas Park: \u201cThe Poetical Works of Sir William Jones \u2013 Collated with the best editions in two volumes,\u201d London, 1808, Vol. I, pp. 115-117.<\/li>\n
  11. \u201cPoems consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatick Languages,\u201d pp. 189-190.<\/li>\n
  12. Michael J. Francklin: \u201cOriental Jones: Sir William Jones, Poet, Lawyer, and Linguist 1746-1794,\u201d Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, pp. 43-89.<\/li>\n
  13. http:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/view\/10.1093\/acref\/9780198183594.001.0001\/acref-9780198183594-e-22<\/li>\n
  14. John D. Johannan: \u201cThe Persian Poetry Fad in England 1770-1825,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Department of English, New York University, 1947, p. 1.<\/li>\n
  15. Kurt Andrew Johnson, op. cit., p. 45.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    N. Kanani \u2014 Persian Heritage – #107, Winter 2022 \u2014 \u201cHafiz is most assuredly a poet worthy to sup with gods.\u201d \u2014 Sir William Jones With regard to Lord Byron\u2019s parody, Anna Camilleri, who has authored a number of books on him, remarked: \u201cThe most fascinating element of Byron\u2019s parody is his use of formal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-108377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-phart"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["fa","en"],"languages":{"fa":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108377"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":108379,"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108377\/revisions\/108379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=108377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/PERSIAN-HERITAGE.COM\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}